How to Write a Project Charter.Docx Uploaded Successfully

How to Write a Project Charter By Joe Raasch, eHow Member I want to do this! What's This? User-Submitted Article Ever get partway through a project and forget why you were doing the project? Or maybe the project team has grown a bit larger than you expected? With a project charter, you can mitigate or eliminate these and other project management challenges. It is helpful to write a project charter before starting any business project. This simple, one-page document will provide an anchor and guide as you move forward in executing, implementing or solving the project you have. Difficulty: Moderately EasyInstructions Things You'll Need: * A completed project charter template Choose a Project Charter Template 1. 1 Check with your colleagues or your organization's project management office for any prevailing templates. 2. 2 Ensure the project charter template in some way covers the following areas: project name, problem statement, project team, start date, end date, project goals, projec t financial impact, project sponsor, project scope. 3. 3 Everyone on your project team will need to have the applicable software, such as MS Word or PowerPoint, to read the project charter. Complete the Project Charter 4. 1Complete the project name. The name should help identify what the project is about. For example, â€Å"New Science Lab Installation Project† or â€Å"Mortgage Application Cycle Time Reduction Project. † 5. 2 Complete the project summary section. You should write a brief paragraph that tells anyone with basic knowledge of your organization/department what you are doing as a project. 6. 3 Complete the problem statement section. Ask yourself what problem or issue you are trying to solve by doing this project. For example, â€Å"the mortgage application process is taking 3 weeks longer than what is acceptable by our clients. 7. 4 Complete the project goal section. What do you expect to accomplish by completing this project? Use S. M. A. R. T. goals: Spe cific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. For example, â€Å"The goal of this project is to reduce the time it takes to process a new mortgage application from 4 weeks to 2 weeks by the end of second quarter this year. † 8. 5 Complete the project team section. If you do not know the specific names of team members at this time, put in the job titles. Some examples are Assistant Project Manager, Business Analyst or Operations Tech. 9. Complete the financial section. Here is where you estimate the financial impact of doing the project. Will there be savings of actual expenses? Cost avoidance? Increase in revenue? You will want to restate your project goal as part of this section. For example, â€Å"by reducing the cycle time of new mortgage applications, we will receive our fees 50 percent faster, resulting in an increase in revenue. † 10. 7 Complete the start and stop date. When will work begin on the project? What is the estimated completion date of the p roject? 11. 8 Complete the project sponsor section.Who in the management or executive ranks is directly supporting this project? 12. 9 Complete the project scope section. This is where you determine exactly what will and will not be part of the project focus. We are doing this in Step 9 to give you an opportunity to tighten up your problem statement if needed. For example, â€Å"new mortgage applications are in scope, refinancing or home equity mortgages are out of scope. † Read more: How to Write a Project Charter | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/how_2180920_write-project-charter. html#ixzz0zZRVWz7N

Best Buy Analysis Essay

Although Best Buy is an electronic consumer’s dream, they are facing two major threats: 1) The increasing number of competitors and, 2) The strong emergence of online retailing. I recommend that to address these issues Best Buy should close several â€Å"Brick and Mortar† stores and move to more of an online based strategy. Due to the low cost of online retailing, discount retailers such as Amazon, Wal-Mart and Target have been able to gain significant market share. Unlike Best Buy, Amazon does not have the overhead associated with â€Å"brick and mortar† stores, allowing them to significantly cut prices to challenge Best Buy in the consumer-electronics market. Best Buy has been called â€Å"Amazon’s showroom†, as consumers would often use Best Buy to sample products while ultimately buying them online. Closing â€Å"brick and mortar† stores and using the resources to push a broad cost leadership strategy would make Best Buy competitive against online retailers once again. Best Buy is the leader in customer satisfaction and the retail leader of its class. Since Circuit City went under, there is not a large, solely electronic retailer with showrooms creating more visibility. Increasing its brand value over 18% in 2009 alone, the prices must become more competitive so consumers will not take advantage of this and still buy elsewhere. Pushing an online based strategy to combat Amazon and Wal-Mart would lead to growth in the one facet of consumer electronics retailing in which Best Buy is lagging. Although human capital is a major asset for Best Buy, I recommend that expertise be moved to other areas of the company, such as Geek Squad, which has shown growth and profitability due to the increasing number of consumers who buy online and need assistance installing their electronics. In order for Best Buy to remain competitive in the future, allocating current resources effectively will be essential in cutting costs and developing a cost leadership strategy.

20th Century Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

20th Century Literature - Essay Example Humans produce their environment in a creative and beautiful way whether they are free of the yoke of physical needs or encumbered by it. They creatively prepare for their future activities and work out their production on the basis of their set priorities. Humans who are liberated from downright exploitations view their â€Å"life-activity† as an object of their own free will. Social consciousness is created through the establishment of legal and political foundations that are anchored in the human efforts to produce their social life via independently and requisitely becoming a member of a particular productive force. Relations of productions basically determine the fate of an individual’s productive growth in a specific social association. An individual has an independent or â€Å"pure† self-identity which stands apart from others. Yet, this uniqueness is shattered by the emergence of classes because of the forced dominant identity fashioned for each class; this partition between the personal and class distinctiveness is the merchandise of the bourgeoisie. In V.S. Naipaul’s â€Å"A Baker’s Story†, the protagonist who described himself as an extremely black man triumphantly composed a rag-to-riches history through hard work, perseverance, optimism, and faith. Social forces around him were unfavorable to his disposition and yet he was able to transform these societal restraints to his personal growth through experience and creative planning. He did not allow external realities to hamper his original human nature which is the drive to succeed and achieve a life that is not fettered by physical needs but instead a life that is governed by self-actualization and constructive realities. History, according to Marx, is not an independent entity but rather a documentation of human struggles to realize their objectives. Prior to his success, the baker experienced an impoverished life due to his

Dealing With Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Dealing With Disaster - Essay Example Donors from all over are also part of the people helping the survivors of the flash floods. Lead agencies that help communities recover from calamities are available to ensure the people get the physical, social and emotional help that they need. The lead agencies usually maintain a strong relationship with the government to ensure the help they provide reach each and every individual suffering. The recovery and relief programs and efforts from different bodies satisfy the community’s needs. The United Nations is one of the bodies that ensure the communities without adequate shelter or drinking water can access the commodities. The flash flood survivors have shelter and drinking water from the United Nations since the aid from the government was not sufficient. The survivors were complaining how the money and help from the government were not enough to provide all their basic needs. Appreciation to the government and other agencies is important for the recovery process from an y disaster is not easy. Dealing with disaster requires an effective strategic plan that ensures the effects of the disaster are not massive. The four strategies help to prevent further destruction of lives and infrastructure, thus saving the community the cost of rebuilding their lives. The flash floods in Chile were an unexpected disaster that caught the people by surprise. However, the community should put effective measures in place to prevent such an occurrence in the case of a similar disaster in future.

How valid is this assessment of the july plot of 1944 The plotters Essay

How valid is this assessment of the july plot of 1944 The plotters were not courageous men whose purpose was honourable but reckless men who acted out of their own self interest - Essay Example Gisevius (1998) describes the situation in Germany, under Nazi control in that period, as a nation whose leaders felt â€Å"only in terms of violence.† He further explains: How easily naked violence is spread & practiced! We can observe this even more in the sub-leaders than in Hitler†¦ Party leaders and sub-leaders found themselves in positions of power beyond their wildest dreams†¦ They had no professional training. They knew nothing about the law. They did not trust the professional officialdom who worked under them. They simply dictated, in the firm conviction that their subjects would obey†¦ First, they conquered power. By means of power they achieved totality. Soon they tasted the pleasures of arbitrary rule. And then, swiftly, they plunged into excess†¦ (pp 101 & 102). Thus began the savage rule which was to become a canker sore in the mouth of not only Europe, but the entire world for years. It is also interesting to note that several moves had been made to overthrow Hitler even before the war began. Even though it seems clear, it is important, at this point, to insist that the plot of July 1944 was not just an attempt by a bunch of renegade army officers to kill Adolf Hitler and take over his government, but a truly patriotic and humanitarian move to liberate and distance the German nation from the vices of greed, hate, genocide and absolutism, all of which the Nazi government embodied. Germany was in the heart of the Second World War, and there was a wanton killing of Jews in German concentration camps all over Europe. â€Å"If the plot had succeeded, the war could have been shortened, the slaughter ended and the lives of millions of Jews saved† (Holocaust Educational Trust of Ireland). At the immediate conception of the plot, however, opposition to Hitler’s government was not military, but simply political. But by the mid 1930’s, several trade and political opposition groups, which existed or voiced their discontent with his

Ethnic Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethnic Study - Assignment Example Commonality that can unite women is therefore and focusing on context-specific positioning of women are the only tools that women can use to address the complexity of the multitude of oppressions confronting women. Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy: Rethinking Women of Color Organizing by Andrea Smith is among the articles that are geared towards women of color where she describes three pillars of white supremacy as slavery/capitalism, genocide/colonialism and orientalism/ war. The author highlights common problematic trends in women of color that include the organizing principle of shared oppression against white supremacy faulty and assuming experiences with white supremacy and solutions for social change as universal. Smith seems to incite people in terms of racism and the notion that capitalist system ultimately makes all workers become commodities and racism is the hierarchy of commodification. Blacks are depicted to be at the top of the hierarchy while whites enjoy the top of it believing that they are not as much of a commodity as the blacks. The notion that whites are superior to blacks still hurts the current society amid voices calling for equality measures. This article offers some insight for homophobia and too many writers engaging in celebration of diversity and multiculturalism that he believes as people with good intentions. The truth of the matter is that books written by insiders tend to benefit the natives more than outsiders’ ideas. America, just like any other country are terribly racist full of self-righteous and bitter discourses. Rational use of various kinds of diversity is marred with nasty fights and protective behaviors because bitterness drives all thought out of expression making most people understand that learning institutions do not teach truth. It is worth knowing that ethnic studies is crucial to both abused groups

Is a College Degree Necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is a College Degree Necessary - Essay Example In my opinion, not every student should go to college. First of all, not every vocation needs a college degree. We live in a complex and diverse society and there are many different characters, such as, doctors, businessmen, professors, lawyers, skilled laborers, salesmen, gardeners, and so on. Different vocations need different degrees. A good mechanics does not need a college degree; he just needs to learn the skills about the way to fix all kinds of cars. A great gardener also does not need a college degree; he just needs to know the way to grow saplings make landscape designs. According to Mike, there are many high school kids who do not find college-prep classes interesting. Because of this, many of them drop out. They do not think that their schools are preparing them the way they should be. Here, an important point is that these kids are not defiant or lazy; rather they want to experience everything, learn practical skills, and pursue a respectable professional career upon graduating from high schools. On the other hand, if everyone goes to college to get a college degree, our society will be in a kind of disharmony. When you get a college degree, you will be unwilling to get some low-paying, dirty, or tiring job like dustman, dishwasher, or doorman. These jobs are of grass root level but necessary. We can imagine if nobody wants to do these jobs, the world will be in a disaster as no one would clean trash, nobody would wash dishes, and no one would clean streets. Our world will be dirty and cluttered. According to Mike, labor experts believe that the U.S. is likely to face a severe shortage of skilled workers. For example, the blue-collar baby boomers are leaving their jobs due to retirements and schools are not paying attention towards preparing others to replace them. The fact is that the U.S. needs blue-collar workers, such as, machinists, carpenters, welders, electricians, cable technicians, etc. just the

Aston manor brewery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Aston manor brewery - Essay Example Reflective Essay The Aston Manor Brewery is a United Kingdom based brewery and beer bottling company. It is situated in Aston, Birmingham, England. The Aston Manor’s major products include cider, beer, and perry. In the year 2008, Aston brewery emerged the third largest cider producing company in the United Kingdom. This rating was based on the market share and in the same capacity, it was rated the fourth largest producer of the same product in the world. Peter Ellis, the son of Doug Ellis is the manager of the Aston Company (Aston Manor Brewery, 2013; Pg. 01). In the year 2008, Frosty Jack’s Cider was the United Kingdom’s leading white cider brands. It is also worth noting that it is among other three Hammer brands. Four former employees of the Ansells founded Aston Manor in the year 1981 after Ansells closed one of its brewery that was known as the Aston Cross brewery. This led to the opening of a new brewery in the nearby lane, the Thimble Mill Lane. In the y ear 1984, Michael Hancocks, the then Herefordshire hop farmer and one of the major suppliers of the company, bought into the business. By the end of the year 1998, Aston Manor reported a profit turnover of ?1 million that included mainly over 70 percent sales of cider. However, by the year ending 2001, the company experienced immense competition leading to a decline of its profit to ?740,500. Nonetheless, by the end of the financial year 2009, the company reported immense profit of ?3 million. This significant increase in profit was pegged on the increased demand for the company’s products in the entire United Kingdom. It is worth noting that during the same year, the company took over the management of the Devon Cider Company that was based in the Tiverton. Devon up to that time had expanded its manufacturing facilities at its site of operation (Martin Information, Ltd, 1900; Pg. 92) and merging these two companies gave the Aston Manor a new face of production come its succe ss. Despite being an international business, the Aston Company remains 100 percent family owned, a factor that makes it deliver the finest products in the market (Aston Manor Brewery, 2013; Pg. 01). Additionally, the company owns over 300 acres of orchards from which it is stocked with Bittersweet apple trees that it uses to produce a wide range of cider drinks that covers the whole market. The products range from high end premium brands of mass market products with the former including Duchy Originals while that latter includes Frosty Jack’s Cider. The main strategic objective of the Aston Manor is to craft a range of ciders to suit everyone and very taste and this will expand the market for all the Aston manor’s products. The Aston Manor is a leading brewery for drinks in a business of its own. It creates its own market as well as distributed a series of cider brands both in the United Kingdom and globally. In all its products, Aston Manor produces a range of quality cider products that are made from sustainable means that are responsible for sourcing customers and markets and this is the means the company intends to expand its market for all its products. It is worth noting Aston Manor is committed to the industry best practice that has accelerated its accentuated membership into the national association of cider manufacturer (NACM). Moreover, it is a member of the British Retail Consortium (BRC) that ensures that it adheres to the global standards for food

Topic Services Marketing, Case Monster.com Essay

Topic Services Marketing, Case Monster.com - Essay Example In the mid 90s, during the post-recession period in the U.S, big companies started to work on the booming economy by expanding their businesses. Such a move, requisitioned more professionals to be recruited. There was pressure on the recruitment agencies to supply the necessary work force within a short period of time. The recruitment companies were forced to react quickly to cater this huge requirement and started to look at new strategies to sustain this critical stage. There were many types of media existing at that time like the newspapers, Radio, Television, and the Internet. Media, other than internet, had a good reach. Monster.com tried to access the new medium of Internet as an effective channel for recruitment services. The company had to address multitude of problems related to: Customers: On one hand Monster.com had to entice companies to provide them with job vacancies. The initial companies which had provided Monster.com with job postings were the companies for which Monster.com had developed the advertisement designs. However, for Monster.com to attract new clients meant that the company had to prove to its potential clients, the validity of internet as a medium for offering recruitment services. ... Monster.com had chosen Internet as medium owing to the strengths such as high volume of content deliverable, customization of content and reach. Such of the strengths were intended to offset the shortage of time within which the jobs had to be filled. However, with the basic weakness of Internet as a cluttered medium, Monster.com was unable to make the customers access the website amongst the clutter. Competition: Internet was totally a new avenue through which recruitment services were offered. Going by Ansoff's Product / Market Matrix, the mode of Internet was a new medium available in the existing market of recruitment services. The growth strategy called for product development. For making the product competitive, Monster.com made the product cost competitive, the inherent strength of distribution was highlight in the reach of internet, however, Monster.com was not able to penetrate the market share of the then existing products such as Newpaper and Radio. How could Monster.com promote Internet as an effective medium remained a question mark Did Monster.com leverage the existing products such as newspapers for which they were designing the advertisements to complement for the launched of the medium of internet as a value addition is also a question since, Monster.com had independently launched the web medium for recruitment services. Collaboration: Monster.com had support from companies for which they were designing the advertisements. However, there was no collaboration with the existing medium of communication such as newspapers and radio. Study of functioning of some of the major online service giants or recruitment service providers could have benefited Monster.com for standardization of the product. However, Monster.com did have a tie-up

Advocates of the American Constitution Essay Example for Free

Advocates of the American Constitution Essay Obtained a strategic advantage over those who opposed it by taking up the name Federalist for themselves and by identifying the adversaries Anti-Federalists. Federalists supported state rule and disagreed with a central national government. By holding the title Federalist, Hamilton and other authors got an additional advantage for their position and got around an extreme conflict over the issue of state versus national power. They emerged as advocates of states rights and this idea was clearly explained in The Federalist Papers, yet they were also evidently advocating for a strong national government. The essays were signed â€Å"Publius† after Publius Valerius who was the state builder and who rebuild the Roman republic following the removing from power Romes last king called Tarquin. Plutarch measured Publius favorably against Solon who was Greeces law giver. And at that instant a modern Publius would have helped erect the new American republic. By opting for a name like Publius, the authors of the Federalist were following a practice which was common among the eighteenth-century writers. The writers used to publish a combined work under a fictitious name instead of a byline. If Hamilton, Madison, and Jay had revealed their identity in The Federalist Papers then they would have been known as advocates of specific positions instead of being recognized by their arguments, and also this would have become a part of the argument over the Constitution. Further more; choosing secrecy was also because of the enmity between Hamilton and George Clinton the New York Governor. Interestingly Hamilton was the single New York ambassador who signed the Constitution. On the contrary, Clinton was an Anti-Federalist who was heading a state where people opposing the new Constitution were in majority. Therefore, opting for Publius was somewhat an effort to shift the discussion away from the personal bitterness between Hamilton and Clinton. As the need of unification has been signified, and the Articles of Confederation had arrears, it was explained by the Publius that a strong republican government was shaped by the Constitution, yet checks and balances controlled it. This type of government, which was strong and had checks, would maintain freedom and assets, and bring back respect for America overseas. Although an un-amended Constitution was opposed by two thirds of the nominated representatives at the New York conventions, the provision of other political writers was done by the Publius. At the same time as replying to explicit Anti-federalist arguments, The Federalist presented an integrated theory of the philosophies upon which the new Constitution was based. History, experience, and reason were the bases of this philosophical foundation, and the long existence of the republican government was verified by this foundation in relation with the examples of failed governments in the past, which were unable to survive. Countering the belief, which is often ascribed to Montesquieu, that republics could stay alive only in small areas taken by identical inhabitants, Madison in The Federalist no. 10 argued that republics could flourish best in large areas where different groups constantly competed with each other. During the constant struggles of these groups the independence of both majorities and minorities would be preserved. This republic would provide better leadership by expanding the group of qualified persons from which delegates would be selected. The Federalist no. 10 by Madison, as mentioned before, was very influential in U. S. political history and philosophy. The separation of the three branches of the federal government had to be done, as the role of a check upon the other was played by each branch in the government Although these three branches were not completely separate the practicality of each division was assured by assigning it enough power to protect itself against the actions of the other division. Furthermore, if any branch exceeded its role as defined in the Constitution then the other branches could proceed by checking on the misuse of power. Moreover, it was also stated by the Publius that freedom was protected by the new Constitution by the provision of power to the central, as well as, state governments. Specific areas of power and simultaneous powers were determined by this new federalism. It was mentioned by the Publius that a central government with restricted powers was created by the Constitution. In this regard, identification of the Congress’s, as well as, President’s powers was also done. The people and the states were left with all the remaining powers completely. If the legislative body dishonored their power and authority bestowed on them then the people could substitute them during the regular elections ensured by the Constitution. On the other hand, if the President or the judiciary breached the confidence of the people, Congress could prosecute them and if convicted Congress could remove them from their designation and from their office. The debate that was going on was based on vocabulary that is circling around the gist of the thoughts constitutive of republican dialogue. They are liberty, tyranny, virtue, corruption, representation, and even republic. It has been said before, along with rationalizations, that the new created American republic was the combined efforts of Federalists and Anti-federalists. A new political system was created not by ordains of a single lawmaker but instead was fought to bring it to life and was constructed jointly by having a powerful discussion between supporters of different political affiliations and theoretical standpoints. â€Å"The ratification debate produced an enormous outpouring of newspaper articles, pamphlets, sermons, and tracts, both for and against the new design. Of the former The Federalist is by far the most famous and certainly the most widely read in our day. The Anti-federalist case against the Constitution, by contrast, is today rarely read or even remembered. Once described (and dismissed) as mere nay-Sayers and men of little faith, the Anti-federalists are now more often regarded as the other founders. †

Insomnia and Psychological Causes in Adolescents

Insomnia and Psychological Causes in Adolescents Ruhi Mehdi Ali Insomnia and Its Psychological Correlates in Adolescents Sleep, in one form or another, is a biological necessity for all living creatures (Coveney, 2014). Insomnia is the most frequently occurring sleep disorder in which the whole body and brain are in a conflict between the desires of wanting to fall asleep and not wanting to go to the wakening status (Mushtaq 2014). On the basis of occurrence of symptoms, insomnia can be classified as transient (no more than a few nights), acute (less than 3-4 weeks), and chronic (more than 3-4 weeks) (Kamel and Gammack 2005). I chose insomnia to be the subject of my writing because I think that it is a serious though ignored heath problem. Studies show that insomnia affects approximately 30% of the general population (Roth, 2007). While Johnson et, al. (2006), estimated that 10.7% adolescents are affected among the general population according to the DSM-IV criteria (as cited in Abe Germain, 2012). A study conducted in a Pakistani medical university revealed that 58.9% of the adolescents slept less than 8 hours a day (Kazim Abrar, 2011). Which means it is not only highly prevalent in our society, but also found worldwide in people of all ages and every gender but none of them tends to solve the issue on an earlier stage. This results in the severity of the disorder leading to various negative consequences. In this article we will focus mainly on the correlation of insomnia with the psychology of adolescents. We will also discuss the causes and circumstances that could lead to the progression of insomnia and some possible management remedies which could be helpful for the readers to diagnose and manage the problem at an earlier stage. In the month of March, 2015, a 28 years old lady was admitted to the Karachi Psychiatric Hospital with complaint of insomnia. She verbalized that she was divorced 10 years back and currently was living with her mother. During her married life she felt that her brother in law used to eye her in an inappropriate way which she felt uncomfortable and she talked to her husband about that but he didn’t believe her, instead divorced her. She was too depressed about the event, and since then she was having complain of insomnia. She didn’t adhere to the prescribed medications and therefore was admitted to the hospital with relapse. According to the criteria suggested by Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders edition 5 (DSM-V), a person is said to have insomnia disorder if the following symptoms are true for him; (A) dissatisfied with sleep quantity and quality. (B) One or more of these symptoms: difficulty initiating maintaining and returning to sleep after awakening, early morning awakening, non-restorative sleep and bed time struggles. (C) Major distress or impairment in daytime accompanies the sleep complaint (also reported by Kidwai Ahmed, 2013). (D) Sleep difficulty occurs at least thrice a week and is present for at least three months. (E) The difficulty occurs despite of sufficient opportunities and age-appropriate circumstances for sleep (Abe Germain, 2012). The criteria makes it easier to rule out the disease. CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS Carskadon discussed that during adolescence a range of biological, psychological and social factors interact, resulting in shortened sleep duration, that has been characterized as ‘the perfect storm’’ (as cited in Hysing 2013). A study conducted in Bahawalpur, Pakistan concluded that 39.2% of the youth (aged 16-25yrs) experience insomnia while 33% suffer from sleeplessness (Mushtaq et. al., 2014). There are several determinants that could lead to insomnia. I believe teenage is the most vulnerable stage of a person’s life. Multiple hormonal changes occur (Mushtaq, 2014; Kamel Gammack, 2005) and psychological distress acts as the key precipitating factor for sleep disorders. Problems in secular, personal or even religious life create great stress on a person’s mind (Mydin, et. al., 2012). Family conflicts, long working hours requiring more hard work, academic challenges and spiritual distress are some of the stressors that make adolescents face difficulties to fall asleep, no matter they have to get up early in the morning, and most of them skip the daytime naps as well (Yen et. al., 2008). Beside this, uncomfortable, noisy or change in sleep environment also hinders in sleep (Mushtaq 2014). Hysing et. al., (2014) claim that such routines cause a sleep deficiency of ~2 hours on weekdays. Some common habits including late night socializing activities, watching television or movies, surfing the internet (Coveney 2014; Yen et. al., 2008), excessive use of mobile phones (Mushtaq, 2014; Yen et. al., 2008), excessive use of substance like alcohol, caffeine, drugs, or side effects of some medicines like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) etc. (Mushtaq, 2014; Abe Germain, 2012; Kazim Abrar, 2011; Alhola Kantola, 2007), also interfere with sleep quality and delay the bedtimes. Furthermore, there could be some genetic or medical determinants as well that pose a risk towards sleep deficiency (Kidwai Ahmed, 2013), while in some cases psychiatric issues may also be present that lead to secondary insomnia (Roth, 2007). Depression and anxiety are the two most common co-morbid that lead to insomnia and vice versa, as worrying about sleep deficiency itself exacerbates insomnia. Dauvilliers described that 72.7% of the patients with primary insomnia had a family history of the disorder (as cited in Abe Germain, 2012). EFFECTS Adequate sleep is important not only for physical health but for cognitive and psychological wellbeing as well. On average, 7-8.5 hours of sleep per day is considered to be normal for adults. (Alhola Kantola, 2007; Kazim Abrar, 2011). While 6 hours/day, is thought to be short sleep duration (Bryan, 2011, as cited in Coveney, 2014). Insomnia, an underestimated disorder causes a number of effects that can disrupt a person’s quality of life (Alhola Kantola, 2007), for instance, chronic fatigue and malaise, aggressiveness, work absenteeism, increased risk of accidents (Cunnington, et, al., 2013; Abe Germain, 2012) etc. A study revealed that in a period of 12 months, only 1% of non-insomniacs had industrial accidents as compared to 8% of insomniacs (Roth 2007). Additionally, I have also commonly observed that it causes emotional instability and mood lowering, that further increases psychological distress and lowers concentration ability (Kazim Abrar, 2011). Decreased memory, ne urocognitive and academic performances are also highly affected that result in impaired performance on psychomotor tests and less productivity at workplace and schools/colleges (Coveney, 2014; Kamel Gammack, 2005). Furthermore, depression and hypertension (Kamel and Gamack, 2005) Such cognitive declines and stressors have their impact on a person’s social life which can be seen as the quality and quantity of his time spent with his family and friends is disturbed. As a result, the person may experience suicidal ideations as severe depressive symptoms. Many people then look towards substance abuse like alcohol and drugs use, either to relieve this stress or to merely induce sleep (Mydin, et. al., 2012; Abe Germain, 2012). Such people also have emotion focused problem solving strategies (Mydin et. al., 2012) i.e. they are less thoughtful about the situation and make emotional attempts to get rid of the Williams argued that moving towards a global 24/7 society is making us utilize our sleep time in walking activities and social opportunities (as cited in Coveney, 2014). Late night social gatherings, connectedness to peers through media and high tech devices has increased too much in our society. This simply means that sleep and rest are not being given much importance which in turn calls for a need to take this matter more seriously especially for the younger generation who wouldn’t want distressing effects of insomnia to affect their growing future. MANAGEMENT Sleep disorders especially insomnia is taken lightly and mostly remains undiagnosed and therefore, untreated. The disorder is treated so as to avoid relapses rather than treatment of current episodes or crisis (Cunnington, et, al., 2013). Benzodiazepine is the most frequently used sedative hypnotic as the first line treatment of insomnia. It decreases reduces rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, sleep onset latency and nocturnal awakenings. Other pharmacological aids include non-benzodiazepines, anti-depressants, and anti-histamines. These medicines are used with the desired outcomes of improved sleep initiation, maintenance and improved next-day functioning (Kamel Gammack, 2005). Multiple approaches can help to control the situation from getting worse. One of them includes asking patients to maintain a 1-2 week sleep diary to assess their sleep pattern. This diary would be helpful to keep the record of the person’s usual bedtime and duration of sleep along with the details about the meals taken, exercise, use of alcohol and medications (Kamel and Gammack, 2005). Maintain such a diary would help to review the activities and factors that may have hindered sleep and improve them accordingly. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is another effective intervention with long-term efficacy. It targets the maladaptive behavior and thoughts that may provoke sleep disturbing conditions. This face to face interaction helps client and health care professional to particularly work on aspects and factors that are worsening the situation (Cunnington, et. al., 2013). One more approach known as ‘stimulus control therapy’ restricts the client and environment particular so as to induce sleep. For example, bedroom is confined to be used only for sleeping or sexual activity while sleep incompatible stimuli such as reading, television and computer should be avoided in the room (Cunnington, et. al., 2013; Kamel Gammack, 2005). CONCLUSION Insomnia’s prevalence varies from 11.8% in Nigeria2 to 27% in the United States and 37% in France and Italy (Kidwai Ahmed, 2013). As far as I have observed, people now a days are concerned about being at the top and being number one, but in the long run they ignore their basic health needs including rest. Especially teenagers have multiple stressors from their personal and secular/professional life which causes distressing emotions and they tend to skip their sleep time in order to cope with the challenges. Inappropriate sleeping environment, substance abuse family conflicts, and some underlying medical or psychiatric illness can also interfere and disrupt their normal sleep pattern. Insomnia is a preventable and controllable disorder. Therefore, it is important not to ignore any sleep issues as they may lead to the severe consequences of insomnia. REFERENCES Abe, Y. Germain, A., (2012). Insomnia and Its Correlates: Current Concepts, Epidemiology, Path physiology and Future Remarks. Public Health- Methodology, Environment and Systems Issues: 387-418 Alhola, P. Kantola, P., (2007). Sleep Deprivation: Impact on Cognitive Performance. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 3(5): 553-567. Coveney, C., (2014). Managing Sleep and Wakefulness in a 24-Hour World. Sociology of Health Illness, 36(1): 123-136. Cunnington, D., Junge, M. Fernando, A., (2013). Insomnia: Prevalence, Consequences and Effective Treatment. The Medical Journal of Australia. 199(8): 36-40 Hysing, M., Pallesen, S., Stormark, K. M., Lundervold, A. J. Sivertsen, B. (2013). Sleep Patterns and Insomnia among Adolescents: A Population-Based Study. Journal of Sleep Research, 22:549–556 Kamel, N. Gammack, J., (2005). Insomnia in the Elderly: Cause, Approach, and Treatment. The American Journal of Medicine, 199(6): 463-469. Kazim, M. Abrar, A., (2011). Sleep Patterns and Academic Performance in Students of a Medical College in Pakistan. Khyber Medical University Journal, 3(2): 57-60. Kidwai, R. Ahmed, S., (2013). Prevalence of Insomnia and Use of Sleep medicines in Urban Communities of Karachi, Pakistan. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 63(11): 1358-1363. Mushtaq, A., Saqib, A., Aslam, Z., Fatima, F., Waqas, M. Akram, M., (2014). Occurrence and Causes of Insomnia in Youth of Bahawalpur Division of Pakistan. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Bio-Science, 3(2): 408-418. Mydin, Y., Almashor, S. Zaharim, N., (2012). Correlates between Insomnia, Psychological Distress and Daytime Sleepiness of Malaysian Adults with Symptoms of Insomnia. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2): 122-127. Roth, T., (2007). Insomnia: Definition, Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(5): 7-10. Yen, C., Hung Ko, C.,Yen, J., Cheng, C., (2008). The Multidimensional Correlates Associated With Short Nocturnal Sleep Duration and Subjective Insomnia among Taiwanese Adolescents. Sleep, 31(11): 1515-1525.

Why Write Reports? Essay -- Writing

Have you ever felt irritated or discouraged when asked to write a report? Do we do report writing because of some bureaucratic regulation? We would rather do the ‘real’ work by recruiting workers and training them besides organizing meetings instead of the boring writing. Function of the introduction is to state clearly the reasons for discussing the particular subject. Just why was the report written? This is to indicate the importance of the subject to the reader, relate the report to previous and similar work, and to make the objectives clear. The extent to which background is given depends largely on the type of paper being written. Often a few, references are available to tie the new work to what preceded it and to the few studies that it touches immediately and directly. Summary papers that establish stepping stones in the advance of a field help relate increments to the background. Function of introduction is to lay out the organization that will be followed in the report. Just how is your subject going to be discussed? We should give the readers a peek to what to do; furnish them an itinerary. Meanwhile for the style of the Introduction is to construct the first, or theme, sentence so that we can capture the attention and immediately focused on the precise subject to be treated besides, on the method of approach. Again, keep your readers' viewpoint uppermost in mind. The ease of writing this sentence is in direct proportion to the clarity of the subject being presented. Where you have a clean-cut, definite accomplishment to report, the theme can be stated easily. But if the work has wobbled and wandered the theme can be stated only with great difficulty. Keep in mind about the remarks about the ease or di... ...e told in the report: what it is about, why it is being told, and how it will be told. Write continuously without breaking the flow of ideas and clear understanding. Then criticize and revise the finished report. Some writers may need to rewrite the Introduction and the theme sentence several times. This is essential to make a good report because it is undeniable that to rate a good report, it shall start from the introduction itself. Just like a thick novel, a reader will read the synopsis or introduction first and buy whichever book that succeeds in catching their attention. Works Cited ï‚â€" Eunson, B 1994, Writing and presenting reports, The Communication Skills Series, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Queensland. ï‚â€" Guidelines for essay and report writing, 1995, Elton Mayo School of Management, UniSA, Adelaide. ï‚â€" www.canberra.edu.au ï‚â€" www.itmatchonline.com

Electoral College :: essays research papers fc

The Opportunity of a Lifetime The upcoming election will not only pass the reins on to another president, but shape history for the next four years. The person selected will be the first, elected president of the new millennium, after his Inauguration Day on January 20. The major issues of this years candidates are welfare reform, Social Security, education, and abortion; thus, suggesting a predicament. Who should be the next individual to run the United States of America? Is the best man Al Gore or George W. Bush? One major problem facing the U.S. government is change in the welfare system. Al Gore says: "I believe our prosperity gives us not just an opportunity, but a great obligation. We must make sure that no one is consigned to be left out or left behind (www.algore.com).† Gore plans to make work pay, to help families get from welfare to work, and to promote responsibilities for fathers. Al Gore plans to put pressure on men to give financial support and respect to the mothers of their children, and to spend time with those offspring. He has proposed state bonuses and employment programs to benefit low-income fathers. As president, Gore would also promote welfare to work by providing local, tribal, state, and community grants. Raising the minimum wage one dollar over the next two years is also in his plan. On the other side, George W. Bush believes that our children are our most priceless treasure and link to the future. He deems that everything we can do to ensure safety, stability, and the ability to love our children must be done. He has some of the same views as Gore in that he wants to encourage fathers to take part in their children’s lives, and he plans to do this by providing over two hundred million dollars in grants to communities that promote responsible fatherhood. Social Security appears to be another major problem that the next president will have to deal with. Social Security has been a retirement system for our seniors for a long time, and with the baby-boomer generation starting to draw from it in eight years, it looks like the Social Security system will go bankrupt. Al Gore says: â€Å"To me, Social Security is more than a government program. It is a solemn compact between the generations. It is responsible to make the strength an solvency of Social Security a major national priority.

Comparison of BMW and Mercedes Benz Essay -- Compare Contrast Cars Ess

Comparison of BMW and Mercedes Benz   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most popular car of this century are the Mercedes Benz and the BMW. Many different cars in the world dont campare to at least half of what a Mercedes Benz and a BMW are. Two specific cars are the 2000 BMW M 2-door Coupe 3.2L, 2000 BMW X5 sports activity vehicle 4-door sport utility 4.4L, 2000 Mercedes-Benz CLK 430 2- door Coupe 4.3L, and the 2000 Mercedes-Benz SLK 230 Kompressor 2-door convertible 2.3L. In this report I will be tlaking about these specific types of Mercedes-Benz and BMW.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bmw X5 is a 4- door, 5 passenger sport utility available in one trim only. Th X5 is quipped with a standard 4.4-liter, V8, 282-horsepower engine that consumes 13-mpg in the city and 17-mpg on the highway. A 5-speed automatic transmission with overdrive is standard. The X5 is new for the year 2000. Sophisticated powertrain, fully equipped, good driving pleasure, roomy interior, and gives an interesting performance. It is a complex machine, unproven quality of assembly, high priced, limited initial availability. The price for the X5 is $49, 400, $44,620 for the dealer invoice, and $570 for the destination charges. Its competetor is the 2002 Cadillac Escalade 4-door sport utility 6.0L all wheel drive, the 2001 GMC Yukon XL Denali 4-door sport utility 6.0L all wheel drive, the 2001 Lincoln Navigator 4-door utility 5.4l4 wheel drve, the 2000 Toyota Land Cruiser 4-door sport utility 4.7L 4 wheel drive, the 2001 Merc...

Life on the Color Line

I cannot imagine being considered a different race at this point in my life; let alone being considered the â€Å"other† race by two different races. Gregory Howard and his brother, Mark, had to figure out this tough challenge at an early age in the 1950s during an enormous financial and racial struggle. Many people did not accept the difference in skin color and some refused to accept anything from the other side of the color line. If I were a child in the 1950s I would probably have had hatred and other disgusting feelings toward the other races, whether I was white or black. That is how Howard feels toward colored people in Virginia. He feels as though he and his family is better because of their skin color. They are viewed as ignorant and untrustworthy. When he was a child that is all he knew of the other race in Virginia because he was still unaware of his actual ethnicity. He still had friends that were black but they were not from school and they never came to his house or anything. They would just play together at the playground. When Greg was at the tavern, he would always talk to everyone no matter what color they were. It was all for the good of the business and the customers were fort Belvoir soldiers. When Billy and Mike found out that they were not really â€Å"white† even though that was the color of their skin, they figured out that life was going to be different. Billy tried as much as he could to not let people find out that he was colored once they moved to Muncie. When he first started going to class in Muncie at Garfield Elementary School, Billy met two white girls that became his best friends. He was in the fourth grade and appeared to be white. Molly and Sally were his best friends and the three of them appeared to be white, but the girls did not know Billy was actually not white. Once they saw him on the other side of the tracks in Muncie going back to school after lunch, they no longer talked to him. None of the other â€Å"white† kids would talk to him nor would they talk to Mike. The boys’ cousin, Mary Lou would tell anyone that she could that the two boys were not actually white but they were colored just like her. Greg would not deny the fact that he was not fully white to the other colored people but he would reluctantly admit it to some of the white people. Life on the Color Line I cannot imagine being considered a different race at this point in my life; let alone being considered the â€Å"other† race by two different races. Gregory Howard and his brother, Mark, had to figure out this tough challenge at an early age in the 1950s during an enormous financial and racial struggle. Many people did not accept the difference in skin color and some refused to accept anything from the other side of the color line. If I were a child in the 1950s I would probably have had hatred and other disgusting feelings toward the other races, whether I was white or black. That is how Howard feels toward colored people in Virginia. He feels as though he and his family is better because of their skin color. They are viewed as ignorant and untrustworthy. When he was a child that is all he knew of the other race in Virginia because he was still unaware of his actual ethnicity. He still had friends that were black but they were not from school and they never came to his house or anything. They would just play together at the playground. When Greg was at the tavern, he would always talk to everyone no matter what color they were. It was all for the good of the business and the customers were fort Belvoir soldiers. When Billy and Mike found out that they were not really â€Å"white† even though that was the color of their skin, they figured out that life was going to be different. Billy tried as much as he could to not let people find out that he was colored once they moved to Muncie. When he first started going to class in Muncie at Garfield Elementary School, Billy met two white girls that became his best friends. He was in the fourth grade and appeared to be white. Molly and Sally were his best friends and the three of them appeared to be white, but the girls did not know Billy was actually not white. Once they saw him on the other side of the tracks in Muncie going back to school after lunch, they no longer talked to him. None of the other â€Å"white† kids would talk to him nor would they talk to Mike. The boys’ cousin, Mary Lou would tell anyone that she could that the two boys were not actually white but they were colored just like her. Greg would not deny the fact that he was not fully white to the other colored people but he would reluctantly admit it to some of the white people.

Policy Development Paper

Policy Development Paper Policy Development Paper October 07, 2009 Policy Development Paper This paper will be focused on a terrorism security policy for large events. This paper will also include statistical, factual, and public opinion history information which will support my policy claim. All stake holders such as: politicians, judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, correctional officers and administrators, law enforcement officers and administrators, victims, law-abiding citizens, will be included in this paper. Furthermore, their opinions as their opinion relates to my proposed policy and how politics may impact my policy implementation. Additionally, I will provide policy recommendations and the rationale for these recommendations and their impact on contemporary criminal justices issues and globalization. Terrorism is violent acts which is used to create fear or terror. Terrorism is very dangerous because the people who use terrorism which are called terrorist do not fear for their own life therefore, they will not care about anybody else life as well. A terrorist is one that engages in unlawful use or threat of violence against the public as a politically motivated means of attack† (Peace takes Courage, 2009). Another thing about terrorism is that terrorism can come from anyone or any where. Terrorism is man made as well so we must also keep that in mind. All through history, there has been threats made about the security of many nations. The threats that were made and carried out have caused a large scale loss of life, destroyed property, wide spread illness and injury, the displacement of large numbers of people, and lastly economic loss. When a country is harmed by terrorism the loss is great rather the loss is of lives or money. Terrorism is a very scary thing and a very serious thing as well because people who are terrorist do not care about anything but power and if they do not have the power they desire they will do what ever, they want until they get the power they want. The attacks of September 11, 2001 showed everyone in the United States that we were vulnerable to terrorist attacks. As a result of the attacks we have now created a way to fight back nd keep ourselves protected from terrorist. The first thing we did was create the Department of Homeland Security. There are three goals that are to prevent terrorist attacks in the United States. Next, they are to lessen the vulnerability to terrorism. The last goal of the Department of Homeland Security is to minimize the damage from potential attacks and natural disasters. The next thing they did to help keep us protected was create tool that is to keep everyone updated about terrorist threats. The tool is the color coded terrorism risk advisory scale. According to (the Department of Homeland Security) â€Å"this scale was created in 2002, with the idea that it would help notify the American population the probability level of terrorist activity and or threat. For the most part seems that the warning stays at elevated and that many people have come to mock the system. † Another thing that was created because of the terrorist attacks was the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act is a set of laws which are suppose to protect us, as a result of September 11, 2001. Another thing about the Patriot Act is that the Patriot Act is a 300 page document. According to (Girl, 2005) â€Å"This is stated in Section 213 of the Patriot Act which allows for the government to delay the notification of search warrants. With the protection of the fourth amendment the authorities are supposed to notify you of the warrant by knocking on the door before entering your home. This does not exist with the Patriot Act. The authorities only need probable cause to search and seize anything within your premises or person. The Patriot Act is good in one way and bad in another way. The next thing that was created as a result of 9/11 is the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA). â€Å"Marked a departure from existing federal catastrophe insurance market policy in several respects† (Lakdawalla, Zanjani, 2005). Terrorism has caused a lot of nations to tighten up on their security which is a good thing because every citizen deserves to feel safe. All of the new se curity we currently have is good because as long as the security is tight we as a nation is safe. Terrorism is all about keeping people scared and feeling unsafe. This new policy will help end that feeling and make everyone feel comfortable. This new policy will be on the federal level because on the federal level more powers can be granted and we need more power when combating terrorism. Here is the policy rules:  · All agencies are to report on a monthly basis to the head quarters.  · When there is a active threat each state must be warned.  · Each state must have some type of security precautions in place.  · All federal agents should be on the watch 24/7. There should be doubled the number of intelligence analysts and also tripled the amount of linguists within the entire agency.  · The agencies should also make sure that the terrorist financing is frozen because with out money their operations will have a very hard time surviving.  · All information must be shared with law enforcement and intelligence partners worldwide because they all need to be informed when t heir lives and their citizens lives are in danger after all that is why we are here in the first place to ensure the safety of everyone. Lastly all agencies should also be on the look out for weapons of mass destructions by getting rid of their weapons they will not have a way to fight back weapons of mass destruction would include guns, bombs, dangerous toxics, missiles, and etc. this policy should be followed because this policy was created to help keep everyone safe. I would first like to say that implementation is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy. When this policy is about to be implemented politics play a major role because politics will have to approve the policy. Politics will also have to approve funding for this policy without the help of politics my policy will not survive. Politics are needed when ever something has to pass into law. Politics also affect how problems are defined and if they will be on the governmental agenda for action. According to (Dievler, 2009) â€Å"politics also affects the implementation process, not only in terms of coalitions and the media, but through the politics of the administrative or bureaucratic process as well. The next thing that would include the implementation of this policy would be law enforcement officers and administrators. They would be included because local law enforcement officers are needed to help keep the communities under control and to help with law and order. Local law enforcement officers are always needed because their job is to keep everyone safe. They must also enf orce the law therefore they are the perfect candidates to help with my policy. Also the implementation of my policy. If the policy is implemented right there will not be any victims however, if there are some victims then they should follow the rules their government has in place. As well as the law- abiding citizens. If everyone follow procedure then there should not be any problems with the implementation of this policy. The policy which is titled the policy to prevent terrorist attacks was created to help keep everyone safe. This policy was also created to avoid being vulnerable like we were for 9/11. There were not any statistics to help with the implementation of this policy. However, the history of terrorism is a different story. The history of terrorism is very different from terrorism today. In 1944, the terrorists group of Palestine, called the Zionists, were called freedom fighters and if you happened to look in the history there were two Israeli prime ministers, including Menachem begin appearing in wanted posters that said terrorists, reward [this much]. According to (Terrorism- Research, 2009) â€Å"The earliest known organization that exhibited aspects of a modern terrorist organization was the Zealots of Judea. Known to the Romans as sicarii, or dagger-men , they carried on an underground campaign of assassination of Roman occupation forces, as well as any Jews they felt had collaborated with the Romans. Their motive was an uncompromising belief that they could not remain faithful to the dictates of Judaism while living as Roman subjects. † The history of terrorism is very different from the terrorism of today. Also according to (Terrorism- Research, 2009) â€Å"The French Revolution provided the first uses of the words â€Å"Terrorist† and â€Å"Terrorism†. Use of the word â€Å"terrorism† began in 1795 in reference to the Reign of Terror initiated by the Revolutionary government. The agents of the Committee of Public Safety and the National Convention that enforced the policies of â€Å"The Terror† were referred to as ‘Terrorists†. As for public opinion they are all over the place. However, the public is more worried about another terrorist attack more than anything else. Therefore, the public is willing to accept any policy as long as the policy will keep them safe. And because of that politics take advantage mainly because they know that people will make a sacrifice if their safety is in danger. According to (Girl, 2005) â€Å" The events of September 11, 2001 have forever changed the way that we as Americans look at outsiders. We have become skeptical of anyone who is not as we expect them to be. † In short public opinion is driven by fear and if the bigger the fear the more people are terrified. If the terrorist threats are weak the public is not afraid but if the terrorist threats are strong and powerful the public will be very afraid and they will give the terrorist all the power they need. That is the public opinion on terrorism. Now, I will attempt to give policy recommendations and the rationale for these recommendations and their impact on contemporary criminal justices issues and globalization. There are not to many recommendations I can give on policing however, I will try to. One recommendation would be to make a policy that do not harm or rights this is important because our rights are all we have and if they are taken away we will not have anything. Our rights are very important. The next policy recommendation would be to make sure everyone is save safety is very important. Another good policy recommendation would be to create policies that will catch terrorist quicker. As for the first recommendation the rationale is that according to (Girl, 2005) â€Å"There are many violations but one of the most controversial is the violation against our fourth amendment rights. † This recommendation do not interfere with the criminal justice system or globalization. There are not a rationale for the second recommendation and the second recommendation do not effect globalization. There also is not a rationale for the last recommendation as well and the last recommendation do not interfere with the criminal justice and the last recommendation do not effect globalization. Globalization has made way for free trade and business and has communication between various parts of the globe. Therefore, globalization will not have any thing to do with the policy recommendations I have made. In conclusion, I would like to say that terrorism is very bad and very scary as well. Terrorism can cause a lot of damage and harm a lot of people. All major points were talked about in this paper. The policy I created was also included and to me the policy I created was pretty good. Lastly, I discussed the politics a lot more than anything else mainly because politics play a major role in policy making. Well, this concludes my paper I hope you enjoyed reading this paper because I did put a lot of work into this paper. References: Dievler, A. (2009). Politics and Policy Making. Retrieved on: October 08, 2009. From: http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/pagerender. fcgi? artid=1508936&pageindex=1 Girl, M. (2005). Terrorism and Policy. Retrieved on: October 8, 2009. From: http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/14236/terrorism_and_policy. html? cat=37 Lakdawalla, D. , Zanjani, G. (2005). Terrorism insurance policy and the public good. Retrieved on: October 09, 2009. From: http://works. bepress. com/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1032&context=darius_lakdawalla Peace takes Courage. (2009). What is a Terrorist? Retrieved on: October 9, 2009. From: http://www. peacetakescourage. com/terrorist. html Terrorism- Research. (2009). Early history of terrorism. Retrieved on: October 09, 2009. From: http://www. terrorism-research. com/history/early. php

Historic tenets of urban planning Essay

The Third World Cities have seen extra- ordinary growth in their urban expansion since 1950. The world 10 most populous cities are located in the third world countries. The urbanization has changed the way of life for the people living there. On one side these megacities have become economic giant for their countries, on other they have also created problems such as disease, congested traffic, pollution and sacristy of resources with a huge gap among haves and have not. As these cities are unplanned and this urbanization is a sudden experience, it is natural for the Third world countries to be surrounded by these surmounting troubles, unless they choose the way out. Historic tenets of urban planning The evidence of urban planning can be found the ancient cultures such as Roman and Greek cities and in ancient cities in India and Egypt as well. The Indus civilization in Pakistan is recognized as the first civilization to have a completely developed urban planning. In 2600 BC, before the arrival of Harapa and Mojodharo, the small towns grew into bigger towns and eventually became cities with thousands of people living in. These people did not have agricultural society as their cities depicts, showing a homogenous culture, however diapered suddenly from the course of history with their cities still intact. These cities are well planned and follow a consistent design, which clearly shows that they were built according to a conscious plan, and is considered the first developed urban plan. Similarly the Romans used to built their cities according to a proper city plan, with military and civil defense and many European cities still appear to follow that pattern. In their plan, the city has a central plaza or market, which is surrounded by streets and walls with short cuts to cut the time short for pedestrians and often the city, has river or stream in the center to provide water and carry sewage out of the city (Crouch, 2003) During the last two hundred years the Western world urban planning has gone through extensive changes in its planning and design. In the industrial age, the control of the city was held by the wealthy few, while the rest of the population lived in slums and sewage. In the 20th century a movement started to change this urban structure and to provide healthy environment to its people. Thus arose the concept of garden city, which were small in size but were basically model towns with few thousand people. In the early 1920s the concept of modern city emerges, such as Paris but they were destroyed during World Wars (Gaffikin, 1999). It was only after WWII that the new cities started to take shape place, however it was not until 1970s, that cheap block construction created an easy and efficient way of creating new buildings. The main objective of the concept of modern planning is to regulate the building activities and set the limits on building and neighborhoods. According to Hopkins (2001) the postmodern planning is composed of the following essential elements: Aesthetics Planning In postmodern urban plans, the most essential element is taking aesthetics more seriously, which meant to add beauty to homes and building. The important aspect of a city planning is zoning, maximizing and managing the use of land and pace of urban development. Safety The houses in modern urban plans are designed to incorporate well with existing municipal services. The cities extreme zones are planned in a way that such dangers can be defused and houses in such areas are equipped with emergency operation and secure evacuation centers. Transport Planning A good urban plan has well developed transport system which cater to the needs of it commuters. Good transport system avoids traffic congestions and effectively carries commuters into different parts of the city without hassle. And automobiles in a city are well suited it meets its requirement, such as spacious roads and parking lanes, which can handle traffic in rush hours. Effective Sub-urban Planning A successful urban plan brings benefit to larger city area by making the towns and urban environment spacious. Planning and the environment In advanced urban or village planning models, taking care of ecology is inevitable. The modern urban planning includes pastures and gardens to keep natural environment consistent with the city.

Economic Growth and Economic Development Original Essay

In contemporary times, certain economic registers are used frequently. Arguably two of these most used terms in economics, ‘economic growth’ and ‘economic development’ are terms that just about everyone is at least remotely familiar with, even if they have not studied economics at all. Sometimes it seems everyone knows what economic growth and economic development is. Politicians use these terms all the time, and so do teachers, managers and even preachers. Often, people’s use of these terms may not be quite accurate, but one has to admit that most of the time they are never too far from the mark. Insights into the aforementioned terms ‘economic growth’ and ‘economic development’ are given as follows†¦ Economic Growth Economic Growth is an increase in a country’s real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources by education etc, increase in the quantity of resources & improvements in technology. Economic Growth can also be described as an increase in a country’s productive capacity, as measured by comparing gross national product (GNP) in a year with the GNP in the previous year. In other words, Economic Growth is an increase in the real level of output as measured by the annual percentage in real GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Increase in the capital stock, advances in technology, and improvement in the quality and level of literacy are considered to be the principal causes of economic growth. In recent years, the idea of sustainable development has brought in additional factors such as environmentally sound processes that must be taken into account in growing an economy. Measurement of Economic Growth Economists usually measure economic growth in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) or related indicators, such as gross national product (GNP) or gross national income (GNI) which is derived from the GDP calculation. GDP is calculated from a country’s national accounts which report annual data on incomes, expenditure and investment for each sector of the economy. Using these data it is possible to estimate the total income earned in the country in any given year (GDP) or the total income earned by a country’s citizens (GNP or GNI). GNP is derived by adjusting GDP to include repatriated income that was earned abroad, and exclude expatriated income that was earned domestically by foreigners. In countries where inflows and outflows of this sort are significant, GNP may be a more appropriate indicator of a nation’s income than GDP. There are three different ways of measuring GDP †¢the income approach †¢the output approach †¢the expenditure approach The income approach, as the name suggests measures people’s incomes, the output approach measures the value of the goods and services used to generate these incomes, and the expenditure approach measures the expenditure on goods and services. In theory, each of these approaches should lead to the same result, so if the output of the economy increases, incomes and expenditures should increase by the same amount. How to boost Economic Growth in a country In order for a country to experience economic growth, certain things have to be done. In my own opinion, I believe that; As more people are employed, the amount of capital increases, education levels increase, the quality of capital changes, or the technology increases, the productive capacity of the economy increases. Therefore, the economy can increase its output giving consumers more disposable income, promoting an increase in consumption spending, and providing resources for business to use for further investment and government to use to provide public goods and services. Increased labor force participation increases output. Expanded, improved education creates more productive workers. Business and government spending on research and development enhance our abilities to produce and allow each worker to become more productive, increasing incomes for all. Finally, to achieve a higher level of GDP in the future, consumers need to limit consumption spending and increase savings today, permitting businesses to invest more in capital goods. If resources are invested into building an economy now, future generations will enjoy a higher level of economic growth; our businesses will produce more goods and consumers can purchase more goods. Expansion of output at rates faster than our population growth is what gives us the opportunity to enjoy higher standards of living. Economic development Economic development is a normative concept meaning that the definition is variable however; the definition given by Michael Todaro is ‘’an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice.’’ Economic development can be defined as the advancement of a nation or society according to several economic factors. Economic development generally includes such trends as technological innovation, improvements in the standard of living and life expectancy, and increases in the amount of invested assets per capita At the core of the definition is the point that economic development is not just about dollars and cents but is about community well-being and creating communities that people want to live in. It is a constant challenge for small communities to hold onto their young people. There must be jobs and facilities that the next generation expects as a standard. Providing infrastructure on one hand and building social capital on the other will lead to community sustainability and resilience which eventually boils down to ‘’economic development’’ In a few words one can say that the scope of economic development includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. Measurement of Economic Development There are several criteria or principles to measure the economic development. Let us make a detailed study of these measurements for better understanding. 1. National Income: Some economists have taken increase in the real national income as the indicator of economic development because per-capita income depends upon the national income. National Income is related with the final goods and services produced in a country. According to this method the state of continuous increase in national income can be taken as economic development. This is majorly applicable to the poor and middle class countries. Short-run increase in national income cannot be taken as economic development. Likewise increase in the national income as a result of increase in price of goods and services cannot be defined as economic development. 2. Per Capita Income: Increase in per-capita income has been pointed out by some economists as a basis for measuring economic development; According to the classification given by the United Nations Organization in 1989, countries having per capita income less than 580 US dollars fall in the class of poor countries, countries having per capita income between 580 US dollars and 6,000 US dollars are in the middle class, and countries having per capita income more than 6,000 US dollars are in the class of rich countries. According to World Development Report 2009, per capita income of Nepal is 340 US dollars. Such indicator makes the comparative study of different countries easy. On the basis of per capita income the economic growth rate of any country can be found out. The increase in per capita income of any country shows the increase in economic growth rate of the country The UNO experts in their report on ‘Measures of Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries’ have also accepted this measurement of development. 3. Economic Welfare Index: Economists like Colin Clark Kindleberger, D. Bright Singh, and Hersick etc. have suggested economic welfare as the measure of economic development. The term economic welfare can be understood in two ways: (a) When there is equal distribution of national income among all the sections of the society. It raises economic welfare. (b) When the purchasing power of money goes up, even then there is an increase in the level of economic welfare. The purchasing power of money can go up when with the increase in national income there is also increase in the prices of goods. That means economic welfare can increase if price stability is ensured. Thus economic welfare can boost with equal distribution of income and price stability. Higher the level of economic welfare, higher will be the extent of economic development and vice-versa. 4. Measurement through Occupational Pattern: The distribution of working population in different occupations is also regarded as criteria for the measurement of economic development. According to Colin Clark there is deep relation between the occupational structure and economic development. He has divided the occupational structure in three sectors (a) Primary Sector: It includes agriculture, fisheries, forestry, mining etc. (b) Secondary Sector: It consists of manufacturing, trade, construction etc. (c) Tertiary Sector: It includes services, banking, transport, etc. In underdeveloped countries, majority of the working population is engaged in primary sector. On the contrary, in developed countries the majority of the working population works in tertiary sector. When a country makes economic progress, its working population begins to shift from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sectors. 5. Human Development Index (HDI): The modern economists were not satisfied with GNP, per capita or national income as the principal measures of economic progress. According to them, the issue is not only how much growth but what kind of growth and as a result, they formulated the Human Development Index (HDI). This indicator was for the first time developed by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in the year 1990.There were a number of measures which were included in this index, However, to keep the HDI simple and manageable, the following main variables were included in it (a) Life expectancy was chosen as a measure of long life (b) Literacy as an index of knowledge and (c) Real GDP per person which represents Income for decent living. 6. Physical quality of life index (PQLI): This is non-income indicator of economic development because this uses physical quality of life as the indicator. This method of measuring economic development is based on the following three things. They are:– (a) Life expectancy (b) Infant mortality (c) Literacy. Countries having low life expectancy, low literacy rate and high infant mortality will have low index. If in any country PQLI is increasing then it indicates the increase in the physical quality of the life of people. Increase in per-capita income does not necessarily indicate the increase in the facilities like healthy food, health, situation, education, etc. Therefore PQLI method is taken to be better indicator than per-capita income method. In addition to these various indicators the following facts are also taken as the indicators of economic development. (a) Equality improvement.(b) Poverty alleviation(c) Quality of life (d) Capital formation(e) Fulfillment of basic needs.(f) Population growth rare (g) Increase in employment opportunities (h) Decrease in dependence on agriculture (i) Increase in entrepreneurship (j) Utilization of natural resources (k) Increase in export of finished goods. (l) Trade diversification (m) Extension of infrastructures DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT In general words, economic development refers to the problems of underdeveloped countries and economic growth to those of developed countries. The raising of income levels is generally called economic growth in rich countries and in poor ones it is called economic development. But this view does not specify the underlying forces which raise the income levels in the two types of economies. The problems of underdeveloped countries are concerned with the development of unused resources, even though their uses are well known, while those of advanced countries are related to growth, most of their resources being already known and developed to a considerable extent. In fact, the terms â€Å"development and growth† have nothing to do with the type of economy. The distinction between the two relates to the nature and causes of change. These two terms may also be explained as the development is a discontinues and spontaneous change in the stationary state which forever alters and displaces the equilibrium state previously existing; while growth is a gradual and steady change in the long run which comes about by a gradual increase in the rate of savings and population. This view has been widely accepted and elaborated by the majority of economists. Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which might lead to pollution, congestion & disease. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on them due to Global warming. According to another school of thought, â€Å"economic growth means more output, while economic development employs both more output and changes in the technical and institutional arrangements by which it is produced and distributed. Growth may well involve not only more output derived from greater amounts of inputs but also greater efficiency, either, and increase in output per unit of input. Development goes beyond this two employ changes in the composition of output and in the allocation of inputs by sectors†. According to some classical economists the growth is an expansion of the system in one or more dimensions without a change in its structure, and development is an innovative process leading the structural transformation of social system. Thus economic growth is related to a quantitative sustained increase in the country’s per capita output or income accompanied by expansion in its labor force, consumption, capital, and volume of trade. On the other hand, economic development is a wider term. It is related to qualitative change in economic wants, goods, incentives, and institutions. It describes the underlying determinants of growth such as technological and structural change. Development embraces both growth and decline. An economy can grow but it may not develop because poverty, unemployment and inequalities may continue to persist due to the absence of technological and structural changes. But it is difficult to imagine development without economic growth in the absence of an increase in output per capita, particularly when population is growing rapidly. Despite these apparent differences, some economists use these terms as synonyms.

How does the Media Shape Our Development of Moral Judgment Research Paper

How does the Media Shape Our Development of Moral Judgment - Research Paper Example How this is happening is the way in which the youth is spending a lot of their time with the media due to their easy access to explicit content. With added convenience children can find stories that encompass violence, sexual promiscuity, theft, and greed in numerous media outlets such as fictional programming, a number of reality shows, music, and through the Internet. Research primarily looks at the effects on morality due to the media by looking at the underlying moral decision making that affects their behaviors. As far as children are concerned their moral development follows a very conventional developmental path. When these children, typically under the age of eight, are presented with an ethical dilemma their judgment of right and wrong is highly reliant on whether their action results in a reward or punishment. However as children mature their judgment takes into account a larger amount of factors, intentions and motives which revolve around recognition of the many conflicti ng rules inherent in moral dilemmas. Such a change can be attributed to the fact that their moral reasoning becomes much more flexible and ‘other’ oriented. ... A majority of the children’s perception found unjustified aggression to be wrong however children who watched programs that encompassed fantasy violence, such as Power Rangers, were more inclined to judge the ‘justified’ aggression being morally correct. Research reinforces this notion seeing as how violence in famous superhero cartoons is mostly seen as justified. Hence in the Krcmar study, it was observed how children who watched fantasy violence and those who watched realistic entertainment violence, such as Cops, were seen to display a lesser advanced moral reasoning strategies, with their primary focus being on rules and how prominent the presence or absence of punishment was as far as moral dilemmas was concerned. In another study which focuses on a similar pattern it was found that children who watched fantasy violence frequently were more likely than those who were light viewers to perceive justified violence as being morally correct. The heavy exposure to fantasy violence also led to these children having a lesser advanced role-taking abilities, which consequently affected their moral reasoning skills, making them less sophisticated (Wilson, 2008). A study also focused on looking at the influence the family had on a child’s television viewing and moral reasoning. It was found that if parents stressed and emphasized on communication within a family the children were less likely to watch fantasy violence that was shown on television and therefore develop higher moral reasoning skills and vice versa (Livingstone, 1996). A longitudinal study conducted by Judy Dunnn and Claire Hughes looked at how the media had an impact on the moral development of â€Å"hard-to-manage† preschoolers when compared with

Philip Kotler's experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Philip Kotler's experience - Essay Example Depending on the market and product characteristics, the competition takes place at one of the product levels. Six levels of product hierarchy with relation to certain other products are described and few possible classifications of the products listed. A notion of product mix, or assortment, is introduced and defined as a combination of all the products offered by a particular market player to its customers. It is characterized by the width, length, and consistency. Product line decisions are important for the product strategy and should be based on product-line and market analysis, considering optimal product-line length and issues of modernization, featuring and pruning. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the brand and brand decisions. Brand is a complex symbol; it identifies certain products and distinguishes them from the competition in the mind of the customer and in the marketplace. Building brand identity is extremely important as it allows the company to increase the differentiation of its products and receive price premiums. Building brand identity requires decisions on the brand's name, logo, colors, tagline, and symbol. Brand strategy decision includes choice between functional, image and experiential brand, and brand development and repositioning. Packaging and labeling are also important parts of the overall product strategy. This chapter is devoted to the marketing and management of services. ... Services can be classified as equipment-based or people-based; requiring client's presence or not; targeting personal or business need; based on the type of the service provider. Four main characteristics of the services are intangibility, inseparability, variability, and perishability. They influence significantly the development and implementation of the marketing strategies for the service firms and pose certain challenges. Marketing strategy elements for the services, besides traditional four Ps, include also people, physical evidence and process. Three main tasks the marketing of services should fulfill are differentiation of the offer from the competition, effective management of the service quality, and improving the employees' productivity. For goods-producing companies marketing of services is important while they sell not only the physical products but the product support services as well. The company should manage its product's life-cycle cost, and meet or exceed the customers' expectations. The offered services may be of several types: facilitating services (e.g. installation, financing, training), value-augmenting services (e.g. product warranties, trade-in allowances), postsale services (maintenance, repair etc.). The recent trends in the product support service include "service unbundling", accumulation of the maintenance services and outsourcing them to the third parties, increasing role of call centers and customer service representatives, and extended warranties. Chapter 16: Developing price strategies and programs This chapter looks in deep into price element of the marketing mix. It is of high importance

Internet usage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet usage - Essay Example Today, the negative impacts of increasing internet use reduce the scope of internet to a notable extent. This paper will perform a cause and effect analysis of the internet usage. Effects of internet usage According to Wilder, one of the most noticeable effects of increased internet usage is that it promotes socialization, which is a dynamic learning process whereby individuals and organizations change over time (204). Since internet influences cultural transitions, this global network significantly contributes to the pace of socialization. Since internet allows users to interact with people from various cultures, individuals obtain the opportunity to learn more about different cultural practices, norms, and beliefs. However, it is often observed that people use internet to abuse other cultures emotionally rather than to adopt from the good aspects of those cultures. Hence, sometimes internet promotes a negative socialization process due to its unfair usage. Evidently, high rate of i nternet usage has greatly benefited people to be independent as it helps people to attain knowledge without any external assistance. Today, professors do not need to provide teaching notes to students since there is a bundle of relevant information available in the internet. Although this condition may improve students’ academic efficiency, overdependence on internet would sometimes result in adverse academic results. For instance, every piece of information provided in the internet may not be correct or accurate as every person is free to post his writings or personal views on the internet. Hence, wrong or misleading information would often cause troubles to an individual’s academic career. Another positive benefit of internet is that it provides employment to millions of people. Due to the increased internet usage, the scope of internet based jobs is still increasing and this situation gives hope to a global economy struggling from the recent global recession. At som e particular levels, the negative effects of internet outweigh the internet’s positive effects. To illustrate, cyber-terrorism significantly diminishes the scope of internet. The internet based terrorist activities such as deliberate disruption of computer networks cause serious consequences in the cyber world. Professional hacker teams use computer viruses to obtain unauthorized access to an organization’s or a country’s confidential data. Under such circumstances, the victim may sustain serious damages or losses which in turn would outweigh the anticipated benefits from those data. In addition, studies point out that porn websites and other violence promoting factors in internet result in social as well as cultural disintegration. Finally, the growing popularity of social networking websites like Facebook causes time wastage, and hence the overall productivity declines. As Lukoff points out, â€Å"exposing children and youth to video games and the internet of ten does not engage their major learning style that is through their sensorimotor system, and thus have negative effects on their cognitive development† Lukoff, 104). Causes of internet usage While discussing the dramatically increasing internet browsing data, it can be undoubtedly stated that need of information is the most important factor boosting worldwide internet usage. It is clear that internet is a potential source for every kind of information under the sun. The internet meets the information needs of each and every category of people,

Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity - Research Paper Example This paper will present comparison of the economic situations coming from records of the years that have gone from the glorious years of being the top economic nation till modern day situation. The researcher will give insights on the markers of economic stability such as increasing unemployment rate, poverty and decreasing annual gross domestic product and the countless possible ways of reversing or sustaining the after effect of economic threats through finding researched trends and strategies. Key words: economy, economic stability, trends, strategies Introduction The ever changing economic arena has been fast evolving. Everyday economic activities are aimed at somehow one particular thing, which is to produce, to provide or to earn. The United States is known worldwide for its dynamic leadership and stability in world economy. It has fought many battles from history to be able to come up and build a structure that would sustain the vast needs of the country. It has lead many nati ons worldwide in setting foot marks to follow as an example of sturdy economic flow amidst all national issues and concerns. It has provided the American people with stable economic market to hold on to and has lifted the standards of living within its premises for the past 50 years or so. Does the sturdy wall of United States Economy has finally come to its peak and needs a reconstruction or remodeling? What was the weakest link in the economy that the government failed to set support that led to its sudden collapse affecting the entire economic stability? What could the government have done to foresee such changes in the global economy so that further decline would be avoided and future blows of economic changes would no longer affect the stability of the economy? This essay will go over the current trend in the economy and in a way to enhance the economic status of the country by means suggesting effective economic strategies that were backed up with studies that can be used by t he government as well in establishing more profitable and recession proof businesses that could sustain the downfall in the economy. Global Trends and Strategy within the United States The current economic situation: Where is United States now? Nothing seemed to be constant about living rather than the changes it continuously incur. Even if the United States have sustained to be in the lead in economic strength for the longest time still the cycles of change puts such leader into no exception. The global economic market has recently experienced an unexpected downfall and the sturdy American State and even other highly developed and leading countries were caught off guard of the unexpected surprise that brought economic storm around the globe. Recession shook the American economy and has led to many dismay—closure of many production and business establishments, prices rising, increasing rate of unemployment, decrease purchasing power of US dollar, decreasing work benefits and increasing rates of low paying jobs converted from previously high paying jobs just to sustain the challenged business. According to a source this has been a tumultuous decade for the United States. During the first 10 years of the 21st Century many unforeseeable events have happened that affected the national economy-- there was a major

Seeking Treatment In Houston Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Seeking Treatment In Houston - Essay Example The center is ranked number 1 in cancer care by the U.S. News and World report. The center is also the best ranked in the number of grants and research, having invested more than $647 million in 2002 (M.D. Anderson 1). The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center receives as many inbound patients as outbound patients in its cancer center. An independent body dealing with international patients traveling to the M.D. Anderson is necessary to deal with the issue arising from medical tourism. The hospital needs to set up a center that welcomes international patients, while offering consultancy services from skilled personnel not directly related to the center so as to not compromise advice given to patients. The center should also have interpreters and people whose main duty is to find accommodation and to explain the different types of services that can be offered. Challenges of Medical Tourism One of the main challenges of medical tourism is language barriers. According to Hodges, Turner and Kimbal l (256) most of the patients who seek medical tourism in the United States come from less developed countries that do not use English as the main language. This causes problems in interaction between the patients and medical practitioners. According to a study reported from the Center for Studying Health System Change in 2010, almost 50% of American Doctors stated that language differences can be the reason for hampering high quality care (Reschovsky and Boukus 2). Without dealing with these problem, doctors may be unable to correctly identify the problem hence introduce an inappropriate cancer treatment method. Patient may also be unable to choose between the various treatments available as they do not fully understand the advice given by healthcare practitioners. International patients may also be faced with lack of full disclosure about all the possible treatment techniques from the doctors (Stolley and Watson 46). This may not be due to malice but due to lack of understanding of the patient capabilities or want. Doctors may also decide to choose a particular course of treatment for the patient without consulting the patient fully. Patients, especially those from poor countries, may lack enough knowledge about treatment techniques available thus following the advice they received from doctors in their home countries without fully appreciating the advanced systems of M.D Anderson Cancer Center. Another problem patients from abroad face is difficulty in managing resources especially finances (Stolley and Watson 126). Due to the time taken by cancer treatment courses, patients have to live temporarily in the United States. This means they have to find housing, food, utilities and other needs in a country that is foreign to them. Patients also have to contend with medical bills that range from treatment courses to medicine during this time. While the patient may have saved some money for the treatment, it is usually very likely that they undermine other expense s involved in living in a foreign country. A suitable solution for this problem has to be availed so as to ensure that the patient is able to smoothly maneuver during the cancer treatment period. With help in the management of finances, patients may drop